Independent research.

We are becoming extraordinarily good at optimising things. But what if we are optimising the wrong things? From financial markets and supply chains to engineering, artificial intelligence and public policy, decisions increasingly depend on models that simplify reality into objectives, constraints and measurable outcomes. The danger is not necessarily that these models are solved badly, but that they are solved perfectly while describing the wrong problem. Optimising the Wrong Problem examines the gap between the world we seek to change and the mathematical problems we construct to represent it—and why, in complex systems, the most consequential errors may occur before optimisation even begins.